A Brief History of Wayang

LEGONG DANCE ( BALI )

Legong is a classical Balinese dance group that has pembendaharaan very complex motion tied with percussion accompaniment structures said to be the influence of Gambuh. The word comes from the word Legong "leg" which means a flexible dance or flexible and "gong" which means the gamelan. "Dance" thus implies a bound dance (especially aksentuasinya) by the accompanying gamelan. Gamelan is used to accompany dance called Gamelan Semar legong Pagulingan.

Dance developed in the royal courts Bali in the 19th century the second half. It is said that the idea started from a prince of Sukawati, who in a dream ill see two girls dancing gracefully accompanied by a beautiful gamelan. When the prince recovered from his illness, his dream was manifested in the repertoire of dances with a full gamelan.

In accordance with the onset, the standard legong dancers are two girls who have not had a period, danced in the moonlight in the palace yard. Both dancers, called legong, always equipped with a fan-assisted techniques. In some there is a dance legong additional dancers, called biased, which is not equipped with a fan.

Tarinya structures generally consist of papeson, pangawak, pengecet, and pakaad.

In the times, legong had lost popularity in the early 20th century by the rise of Kebyar form from northern Bali. Revitalization efforts began only since the late 1960s, by digging back to the reconstruction of old documents.

art instruments "ANGKLUNG"

Angklung is a traditional musical instrument which comes dar Indonesia Sunda Land, made of bamboo, which sounded shaken by (the sound caused by the impact of bamboo pipe body) that produces a sound that vibrates in the composition of tones 2, 3, and 4 tones in every size, both large and small. Barrel (tone) angklung instruments as Sundanese traditional music is mostly Salendro and pelog.

ORIGINS
 In a grove of art that uses musical instruments from bamboo known type of art called angklung. The type of bamboo used as the instrument is awi wulung (black bamboo) and awi temen (white bamboo). Purwa way angklung instruments; each note (barrel) produced from the sound of bamboo-shaped tube wilahan (bars) of each segment of bamboo from small to large sizes.

Angklung is a musical instrument from West Java. Angklung gubrag in Jasinga, Bogor, is one who is still alive since more than 400 years ago. Rite begins with the emergence of rice. Angklung created and played to attract Dewi Sri, down to earth people that rice plants flourish.

Sunda community known since the time of the Sunda kingdom, of which as penggugah spirit in battle. Angklung function as a pump kept the spirit of the people still felt until the period of colonization, that's why the Dutch Government had banned the use angklung, this ban could make angklung popularity declined and only played by children at that time.

The origin of the bamboo musical creation, such as angklung based view of Sundanese people who live with the source of the agrarian life of the rice (pare) as the food is. This gave rise to the myth of trust in Nyai Sri Pohaci as a symbol of life-giving Goddess of Rice (breathe-Hurip).

Reflection Sundanese people used in processing agricultural (tatanen) especially in the fields and huma has spawned the creation of poetry and song as a tribute and an offering to Sri Pohaci Nyai, as well as efforts nyinglar (starting reinforcements) to fit their crops did not invite disaster, both pests and disasters other nature. Buhun song to honor those Nyi Sri Pohaci example:
The Oyong-Oyong
The hibiscus inclined Sawahe
Sawahe ujuring eler
ETAN Sawahe ujuring
Flute Solasi dami
Invitor white incense god
Widadari gods
Reducing the Patang twenty

The next offering songs of Dewi Sri is accompanied by the sound of percussion accompaniment made from bamboo stems simple packed structures which later emerged the bamboo musical instrument we know today called angklung. Further development in the tradition of the game Angklung accompanied by elements of motion and ibing (dance) rhythmic (to wirahma) with patterns and rules = rules in accordance with the needs of a memorial service at the time of paddy rice paraded to the barn (ngampih pare, nginebkeun), also at times mitembeyan, began planting rice in some places in West Java called ngaseuk.

Similarly, when the harvest party and dedicated seren taun angklung game. Especially in the presentation related Angklung rice ceremony, this art became a nature show or pageant helaran, even in some places into the convoy Dongdang and Rengkong and Jampana (stretcher food) and so on.

In development, angklung developed and spread throughout Java, then to Kalimantan and Sumatra. In 1908 recorded a cultural mission from Indonesia to Thailand, among others, marked the transfer of angklung, and bamboo music of this game could also spread there.

In fact, since 1966, Udjo Ngalagena angklung figures who developed the technique based on the barrel-game pelog, Salendro, and madenda-start teaching how to play angklung to many people from various communities.

Karapan Sapi {Bull Races) - Madura Island

Bull racing is a term given to the cow race race originating from the island of Madura, East Java. In this race, pulled a pair of cows that kind of wooden trains (the jockey standing and controlling these cows pair) driven in the race against race couples other cows. Track races are usually around 100 meters and the race can race takes approximately ten to fifteen seconds. Several cities in Madura cattle karapan held in August and September each year, with the final at the end of September or October in the city to fight Pamekasan Presidents Cup innings.

Bull racing preceded by couples paraded around the track a cow with gamelan accompaniment saronen called Madura. The first round is the determination of the winning and losing groups. The second act is the determination of the defeated champion, was the third round is the determination to win the championship. Rotating trophy given to the President only won the group championship.

PENDET DANCE BALI

Pendet initially a worship dance that many exhibited in the temple, where worship of Hindus in Bali, Indonesia. This dance symbolizes the welcoming of the gods fall into the natural world. Gradually, as the times, the Balinese artists change Pendet be "welcome",

Pendet is a statement of the offering in the form of a ceremonial dance. Unlike performing dances that require intensive training, Pendet be danced by all people, pemangkus men and women, adults and girls.

This dance is taught simply by following the movement and rarely done in banjar-banjar. The young girls follow the movements of the more senior women who understand their responsibilities in providing a good example.

This daughter has a dance movement pattern that is more dynamic than Rejang dance is performed in groups or pairs. Usually displayed after Rejang Dance at the temple yard and generally facing the direction of the sacred (pelinggih) with ceremonial dress, and each dancer brings sangku, jars, bowls, and other offerings equipment.

BATIK ART

Batik (or word Batik) comes from Javanese language "AMBA" which means to write and "NITIK". The word batik itself meruju the pattern-making techniques - using a canting or cap - and dyeing cloth using the color barrier material pattern "night" (wax) is applied over the fabric, so stop the entry of dye. In English, this technique is known as wax-resist dyeing. So is the batik cloth with decoration or pattern created by canting and cap by using the night as the color barrier material. This technique can be applied only on the material made from natural fibers such as cotton, silk, wool and can not be applied on the cloth with man-made fibers (polyester). Cloth-making style and coloring are not using this technique known as batik patterned cloth - usually made in industrial-scale printing technique (print) - not a batik cloth.

Chairman of Yayasan Sekar Jagad, Suliantoro Sulaiman, said that Indonesia would gain recognition from the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization or Organization Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) which decides Indonesian batik as world heritage. "It is processed and decided that the batik of Indonesia as a world heritage, which will be announced on October 2 next," he said.

Sekar Jagad Foundation is one organization batik lovers who come to prepare the minutes of data and provide a statement about the existence of batik to UNESCO. Other parties involved filed and signed over ownership of Indonesian batik is the government through the Office of Trade of Indonesia and the king of Yogyakarta Palace is also governor of Yogyakarta, Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono, as the owner of the Museum Batik Indonesia, and various parties who have been concerned with Indonesian batik.

Batik is the ancestral heritage of Indonesia (Java) that until now still exist. Batik is also first introduced to the world by President Suharto, who was then wearing a batik at the UN Conference.

UNESCO pointed Indonesian batik on October 2, 2009 has gained recognition from the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization or Organization Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) as a masterpiece of human cultural heritage.

To make a batik, the equipment required is: cloth (can be made from silk, cotton or polyester fabric mix), pencil for making batik designs, canting made of bamboo, copper and bercerat head or mouth, this canting function like a pen. Canting used to ladle the hot liquid wax, which is used as a cover or protector of pigments. gawangan (where to put a cloth), candles, pots and a small stove for heating.

Step - steps are as follows:

1. The first step we make batik designs on cloth with pencil or commonly called molani. In determining the motive, usually each person has different tastes. Some prefer to make their own motives, but others prefer to follow the general motives that have been there.


2. The second step is to use a canting which already contain a liquid wax to coat the desired pattern. The aim is to ensure that the immersion into a solution of coloring materials, parts that were not exposed layer of wax. After the wax is dry, dip a cloth into the dye solution.


3. The last process is nglorot, where the cloth has changed color boiled with hot water. The goal is to remove the wax layer, so the motive which had drawn previously apparent. You do not need to worry, this dye will not make a pattern that has been affected by the color of your image, because the top of the fabric is still shrouded in a thin layer (wax does not completely fade).


The result is known batik cloth with batik cloth. The naming was given, because in addition to batik, there are also printed batik, batik printing, batik painting and silk screening.

BOROBUDUR

Borobudur is the name of a Buddhist temple located at Borobudur, Magelang, Central Java. Location of the temple is approximately 100 km in the south-west of Semarang and 40 km northwest of Yogyakarta. This temple was founded by the Mahayana Buddhists around the year 800 AD the dynasty during the reign of Sailendra.

The name Borobudur obtained from : 

Many theories attempt to explain the name of this temple. One of them states that the name is probably derived from the word Sambharabhudhara, which means "mountain" (bhudara) where the slopes are located terraces. In addition there are some other popular etymology. Suppose borobudur word comes from the word "the Buddha" is due to shift into borobudur sound. Another explanation is that the name comes from two words "coal" and "beduhur". Said coal said to have originated from the monastery, while there is also another explanation in which the coal comes from Sanskrit which means temple or monastery complex and beduhur meaning is "high", or to remind the Balinese language means "above". So the intention is a monastery or hostel located in the high ground.

Historians J.G. de Casparis in his dissertation to obtain his doctorate in 1950 argued that Borobudur is a place of worship. Based on the inscriptions and Kahulunan Karangtengah, Casparis estimates, founder of the Borobudur is the king of the dynasty named Samaratungga Syailendra around 824 AD The giant new buildings can be completed at the time of her daughter, Queen Pramudawardhani. Development of Borobudur estimated half-century time-consuming.

Borobudur Structure
Borobudur berundak punden shape, which consists of six levels of a square, three-level circular and a circular main stupa as a peak. Also scattered in all levels-the levels several stupas.

Borobudur is a ten-story clearly illustrates the Mahayana school of philosophy. like a book, Borobudur describes ten Bodhisattva levels which must pass to reach the perfection of the Buddha.

The foot of Borobudur represents Kamadhatu, the world is still dominated by kama, or "low desire". This section is mostly covered by a pile of stone that allegedly made to strengthen the construction of the temple. In the closed structures have an additional 120 panels Kammawibhangga story. A small portion was set aside additional structure so that people can still see the relief in this section.

Four floors with walls above berelief by the experts called Rupadhatu. The floor is rectangular. Rupadhatu the world who have set themselves free from lust, but is still bound by the appearance and shape. This level represents the nature of that is, between nature and the natural bottom up. In part this Rupadhatu Buddha statues found on the wall niches above ballustrade or hallway.

Start fifth to the seventh floor of the walls not berelief. This level is called Arupadhatu (which means no tangible form or not). Circular floor plan. This level represents the nature of, where people are free from all desires and the bond forms and shapes, but have not reached nirvana. Buddha statues are placed in the stupa covered with holes as in a cage. From outside the statues were still dim.

Which describes the highest level being represented by the absence of a stupa, the largest and highest. Stupa described plain without the holes. In the largest stupa is a Buddha statue ever found in an imperfect or unfinished also called Buddha, which disalahsangkakan as Adibuddha statue, but through further research there has never been a statue at the main stupa, which was not completed sculpture was a mistake pemahatnya in the ancient times. according to the belief that one statue in the manufacturing process are not destroyed. Archaeological excavations conducted in this temple this page to find many statues like this.

In the past, several statues of Buddha along with the 30 stone reliefs, two lions, a few times-shaped stone, stairs and gates are sent to the King of Thailand, Chulalongkorn, who visited the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1896 as a gift from the Dutch Government as that.

Borobudur has no worship spaces like the other temples. That there are long passages that are narrow streets. The hallways surrounding the walled temple level by level. In these corridors is expected Buddhist ritual walk around the temple to the right. The shape of the building without room and terraced structure is alleged is the development of berundak punden form, which is a form of original architecture from prehistoric Indonesia.

Borobudur structure when viewed from above form a mandala structure.

Borobudur structure does not use cement at all, but the Interlock system is like Lego blocks that can be attached without glue.

Relief

At every level carved reliefs on temple walls. These reliefs read as counter-clockwise or called mapradaksina the Old Javanese language derived from Sanskrit meaning is daksina the east. These reliefs variety of story content, among other reliefs Jataka stories.

  Reading of the stories are always the starting relief, and ends on the east side of the gate at every level, starting on the left and right ends of the gate. So obviously that the east is the ladder up the real (main) and to the top of the temple, it means that the temple facing the east while the other sides of similar right.